The 54th Massachusetts Regiment, The All-Black Civil War Unit Behind 'Glory'

Immortalized in the 1989 movie Glory, the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment was one of the most storied African American units that fought for the Union.

MPI/Getty ImagesThe 54th Massachusetts Regiment during the July 1863 attack on Fort Wagner.

On a July day in 1863, a regiment of Union soldiers took their position near the Confederate-held Fort Wagner in South Carolina in preparation for battle. Like other Union troops, they were dressed in blue and carried bayonets.

But this regiment was unique. Unlike most other Union units, the 54th Massachusetts Regiment was made up of all Black men.

Led by a white officer, Robert Gould Shaw, the 54th Massachusetts Regiment was just the second all-Black Union unit of the Civil War. The unit had been formed in Massachusetts, but it drew men from all over America who were eager to fight after the Emancipation Proclamation allowed them to do so.

After months of training, the men of the 54th would fight bravely in the doomed assault on Fort Wagner. Though nearly half of them would be killed, injured, or taken prisoner during the attack, they would inspire Black men across the nation to pick up arms and help the Union win the war.

This is the incredible true story of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment, the all-Black unit immortalized in the iconic 1989 movie Glory.

Inside The Historic Formation Of The 54th Massachusetts Regiment

National ArchivesA recruitment broadside for “colored troops” during the Civil War.

For the first two years of the Civil War, which began in 1861, Black men were not permitted to join the fight at all. As the National Archives notes, a 1792 law forbade Black people from bearing arms in the U.S. Army.

But all that changed with the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. Facing dwindling white enlistment, the U.S. government included a key provision in the historic document, according to the National Archives. It decreed that “such persons [Black men] of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.”

A recruitment broadside for the 54th Massachusetts Regiment. Because there were so few Black people in Massachusetts, recruits came from all over. Massachusetts Historical Society Private Charles H. Arnum of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment. Circa 1864.Massachusetts Historical Society A "musician" for the 54th Massachusetts Regiment, identified as Private Miles Moore. He was likely around the age of 16.Massachusetts Historical Society Private William J. Netson of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment. He was also identified as a musician.Massachusetts Historical Society Sergeant Henry F. Steward came to Massachusetts from Michigan to enlist in the 54th Massachusetts Regiment.Massachusetts Historical Society Born in Ohio, Sergeant Joseph A. Palmer enlisted in the 54th Massachusetts Regiment when he was 23 years old.Massachusetts Historical Society Hailing from Pennsylvania, Private Charles A. Smith enlisted in the 54th Massachusetts Regiment at the age of 19. This photograph was taken around 1880.Massachusetts Historical Society Two sons of famed abolitionist Frederick Douglass, Charles and Lewis Douglass, enlisted in the 54th Massachusetts Regiment. Frederick Douglass/Twitter Frederick Douglass was not the only famous Black abolitionist whose relatives fought with the 54th Massachusetts Regiment. Here, Sojourner Truth holds a photo of her grandson, James Caldwell, on her lap.

Caldwell was captured by Confederates in 1863 and was held as a prisoner of war for about two years.

Library of Congress Though the men of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment were Black, the commanding officers were white. They were first led by Robert Gould Shaw, a 25-year-old Harvard dropout and the son of abolitionists. Encyclopaedia Britannica/UIG Via Getty Images A dress parade at Fort Wagner.Massachusetts Historical Society A plan for the Battle of Fort Wagner, drawn by Robert Knox Sneden, a mapmaker for the Union Army during the Civil War.Buyenlarge/Getty Images On July 18, 1863, the 54th Massachusetts Regiment led the assault on the Confederate-held Fort Wagner, and suffered devastating casualties during the doomed battle. Culture Club/Getty Images A depiction of the assault on Fort Wagner, printed in September 1863. Library of Congress Sergeant William Harvey Carney of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment was awarded the Medal of Honor in 1900 for his brave service in the Civil War.

During the assault on Fort Wagner, Carney famously kept the American flag from touching the ground.

Public Domain A fragment of a flag carried by the 54th Massachusetts Regiment during the assault on Fort Wagner.National Museum Of The United States Army The Robert Gould Shaw and 54th Massachusetts Regiment Memorial in 1963, 100 years after the 54th Massachusetts Regiment fought in the Civil War.

The memorial was erected in Boston in 1897 but fell into disrepair in the 20th century.

Ed Farrand/The Boston Globe via Getty Images The memorial has since been restored to its former glory — with some important additions. Though the monument originally bore the names of the white officers who had died in battle, it wasn't until 1981 that the names of the Black soldiers who had died were added to the memorial. David L. Ryan/The Boston Globe via Getty Images A close-up view of the monument, focusing on the Black soldiers who served in the 54th Massachusetts Regiment.John Blanding/The Boston Globe via Getty Images Andrew Bowman, a descendant of Sergeant Andrew Jackson Smith of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment, participates in a battle reenactment in 1997.David L Ryan/The Boston Globe via Getty Images A ceremony marking the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Fort Wagner in 2013.Wendy Maeda/The Boston Globe via Getty Images The story of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment also made its way to the silver screen in 1989. The film Glory starred Denzel Washington (pictured) and Morgan Freeman as soldiers in the all-Black unit. TriStar Pictures/Sunset Boulevard/Corbis via Getty Images In Glory, Robert Gould Shaw was played by Matthew Broderick. However, all the Black soldiers were fictional characters. TriStar Pictures/Sunset Boulevard/Corbis via Getty Images

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How The All-Black 54th Massachusetts Regiment Changed History During The Civil War View Gallery

In Massachusetts, abolitionist Governor John A. Andrew soon opened up recruitment to Black men. But because his state had so few Black residents, just 13 percent of recruits came from Massachusetts. Black Past reports that other enlistees hailed from across the United States, Canada, and the West Indies. Of the 1,007 men who signed up, 30 had been former slaves.

Though the infantrymen were all Black, the Army required commanding officers to be white. So, Andrew tapped 25-year-old Robert Gould Shaw, a Harvard dropout and the son of abolitionists, to lead the all-Black regiment.

Library of CongressRobert Gould Shaw, the 25-year-old commander of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment.

According to History, at a farewell parade for the soldiers on May 28, 1863, Andrew said, "I know not where in all human history to any given thousand men in arms there has been committed a work at once so proud, so precious, so full of hope and glory as the work committed to you."

And with that, the men set off for battle. Two of the most famous soldiers in the ranks were Charles and Lewis Douglass, the sons of abolitionist Frederick Douglass. Also included was a man named William Harvey Carney, who would soon distinguish himself on the battlefield.

The 54th Massachusetts Regiment And The Attack On Fort Wagner

Charles Phelps Cushing/ClassicStock/Getty ImagesA depiction of the attack on Fort Wagner, led by the men of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment.

After raiding the town of Darien, Georgia, the men of the 54th marched to Charleston, South Carolina. There, they and other Union soldiers prepared to attack the Confederate-held Fort Wagner near the Port of Charleston.

Shortly before the battle, on July 18, 1863, Brigadier General George C. Strong rode among the men of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment to steel their spirits. "Is there a man here who thinks himself unable to sleep in that fort tonight?" Strong demanded, according to the American Battlefield Trust.

The men of the 54th shouted their response: "No!"

Hoisting the American flag and indicating the flag bearer, Strong asked the troops, "If this man should fall, who will lift the flag and carry it on?"

At that point, Shaw stepped forward. "I will," he said, eliciting the thunderous applause of his men.

As the sun went down, Shaw gathered 600 of his men outside the fort. "I want you to prove yourselves," he told the soldiers. "The eyes of thousands will look on what you do tonight."

That evening, Shaw led the charge toward the fort. "Forward Fifty-Fourth!" Shaw cried, just before he was struck with a bullet that killed him immediately. The other men of the 54th fought on, clamoring over the walls of the fort and engaging in hand-to-hand combat with Confederate troops.

In the melee, 23-year-old William Harvey Carney — a former slave — watched as the unit's flag bearer was shot down. As the flag bearer fell, Carney surged forward and caught the American flag.

Public DomainWilliam Harvey Carney was awarded the Medal of Honor for his bravery at Fort Wagner, though not until 1900.

"Boys, I did but my duty," Carney cried out to his men, once he'd made it through the battle wounded but alive, according to the National Park Service. "[T]he dear old flag never touched the ground!"

All in all, the 54th suffered greatly during the battle. According to the National Park Service, over 280 of the 600 men from the 54th who fought at Fort Wagner were killed, wounded, captured, or presumed dead. The American Battlefield Trust additionally noted that the Confederates had been "maddened and infuriated at the sight of Negro troops," and they often shot men from the 54th instead of taking them as prisoners.

The Confederates tossed the dead soldiers in a mass grave and sent a taunting message to Union commanders that they had "buried [Shaw] with his n-----s." They'd hoped to insult Shaw's parents, who instead replied that there was "no holier place" for their son to be buried than a grave where he was "surrounded by... brave and devoted soldiers," per History.

Indeed, the bravery of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment had a profound impact on countless Americans. The National Park Service reports that, following the attack on Fort Wagner, the U.S. Army immediately increased Black enlistment. By the end of the war, roughly 179,000 Black men had fought for the Union. That was about 10 percent of the whole Union Army.

But there's more to their story than that. The 54th Massachusetts Regiment had to fight many battles, and not all of them were on the actual battlefield.

The Struggles Faced By The All-Black Regiment

Though they had enlisted like all the other Union soldiers, men of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment faced discrimination during their service. Black men in the Union Army only received $10 per week, while white soldiers received $13. The entire 54th Massachusetts Regiment — including officers — refused to accept payment until they could be paid equally. But this didn't happen until the Civil War was nearly over.

Even the memorial honoring the 54th Massachusetts Regiment didn't seem to treat them fairly. Unveiled in 1897, the monument depicted Shaw as the main point of focus with Black soldiers relegated to the background. What's more, the back of the memorial only included the names of the white officers who died in battle. It wasn't until 1981, according to Black Past, that the names of the Black soldiers who'd died were added.

Angela Rowlings/MediaNews Group/Boston Herald via Getty ImagesThe Robert Gould Shaw and 54th Massachusetts Regiment Memorial in Boston.

Even heroes like William Harvey Carney had to wait decades to receive their due. He and other Black soldiers were often overlooked, and it wasn't until 1900 that Carney received the Medal of Honor for his bravery.

And the 1989 film Glory, which brought the 54th's story to the silver screen, had some notable misses. Though Robert Gould Shaw was a prominent character (played by Matthew Broderick), the Black soldiers in the film were all fictional. Glory did not mention Carney, Frederick Douglass' sons, or any other real Black servicemen, according to Black Past.

TriStar Pictures/Sunset Boulevard/Corbis via Getty ImagesActor Morgan Freeman on the set of Glory. In the movie, he played the fictional character John Rawlins.

Indeed, the true story of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment contains more than meets the eye. Though it's certainly a gripping account of Black men's bravery during the Civil War, it also illustrates the great challenges that Black soldiers faced. Not only were they belatedly allowed to fight, but they struggled against discrimination both during and after the conflict.

Yet the Black men of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment met their challenges with grace, even when it took decades for them to be properly honored. Accepting the Medal of Honor nearly 40 years after he'd bravely scooped up the flag at Fort Wagner, William Harvey Carney said: "I only did my duty."

After reading about the 54th Massachusetts Regiment, look through these stunning colorized photos from the Civil War. Or, go inside the curious question of when the Civil War actually ended.

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